For Every System Admin : October 2016

Monday, 24 October 2016

APACHE Web Server Configuration !!!

In this post, I am going to configure my Ubuntu machine as APACHE web server. It all needs a package installation and then few edits in the configuration file...

ubu@ubuntu-new:~$
ubu@ubuntu-new:~$ su -
Password:
root@ubuntu-new:~#
root@ubuntu-new:~# service --status-all | grep apache
root@ubuntu-new:~#

We can see no service related to apache, let us check whether HTTP port is Open or not...

root@ubuntu-new:~# netstat -a | more
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:hostmon 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 64 ubuntu-new:ssh 10.0.0.43:52040 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 [::]:hostmon [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
udp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootpc 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:hostmon 0.0.0.0:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:hostmon [::]:*
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 18460 /run/user/1000/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 11655 /run/udev/control
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18461 /run/user/1000/systemd/private
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 11648 /run/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14344 /run/snapd.socket
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 11649 /run/systemd/cgroups-agent
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14345 /run/snapd-snap.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11650 /run/systemd/private
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14357 /run/uuidd/request
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14360 /run/acpid.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11656 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 8 [ ] DGRAM 11657 /run/systemd/journal/socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11660 /run/systemd/fsck.progress
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 11824 /run/systemd/journal/syslog
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11865 /run/lvm/lvmpolld.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11937 /run/lvm/lvmetad.socket
unix 14 [ ] DGRAM 11940 /run/systemd/journal/dev-log
root@ubuntu-new:~#

Later we can see how output looks like when Http port is open.. So lets go with apache package installation...
We need to update our apt (Advanced Packaging Tool) using apt-get update...

root@ubuntu-new:~# apt-get install apache2
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
apache2-bin apache2-data apache2-utils libapr1 libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap liblua5.1-0
ssl-cert
Suggested packages:
www-browser apache2-doc apache2-suexec-pristine | apache2-suexec-custom openssl-blacklist
The following NEW packages will be installed:
apache2 apache2-bin apache2-data apache2-utils libapr1 libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap
liblua5.1-0 ssl-cert
0 upgraded, 10 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,553 kB of archives.
After this operation, 6,412 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 libapr1 amd64 1.5.2-4 [85.9 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 libaprutil1 amd64 1.5.4-2 [77.1 kB]
Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 amd64 1.5.4-2 [10.6 kB]
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 libaprutil1-ldap amd64 1.5.4-2 [8,704 B]
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 liblua5.1-0 amd64 5.1.5-8.1build1 [105 kB]
Get:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 apache2-bin amd64 2.4.18-2ubuntu4 [920 kB]
Get:7 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 apache2-utils amd64 2.4.18-2ubuntu4 [81.1 kB]
Get:8 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 apache2-data all 2.4.18-2ubuntu4 [161 kB]
Get:9 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 apache2 amd64 2.4.18-2ubuntu4 [86.3 kB]
Get:10 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety/main amd64 ssl-cert all 1.0.38 [17.0 kB]
Fetched 1,553 kB in 0s (2,658 kB/s)
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously unselected package libapr1:amd64.
(Reading database ... 62996 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-libapr1_1.5.2-4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libapr1:amd64 (1.5.2-4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libaprutil1:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../1-libaprutil1_1.5.4-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libaprutil1:amd64 (1.5.4-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../2-libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3_1.5.4-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3:amd64 (1.5.4-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libaprutil1-ldap:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../3-libaprutil1-ldap_1.5.4-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libaprutil1-ldap:amd64 (1.5.4-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package liblua5.1-0:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../4-liblua5.1-0_5.1.5-8.1build1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking liblua5.1-0:amd64 (5.1.5-8.1build1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package apache2-bin.
Preparing to unpack .../5-apache2-bin_2.4.18-2ubuntu4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking apache2-bin (2.4.18-2ubuntu4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package apache2-utils.
Preparing to unpack .../6-apache2-utils_2.4.18-2ubuntu4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking apache2-utils (2.4.18-2ubuntu4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package apache2-data.
Preparing to unpack .../7-apache2-data_2.4.18-2ubuntu4_all.deb ...
Unpacking apache2-data (2.4.18-2ubuntu4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package apache2.
Preparing to unpack .../8-apache2_2.4.18-2ubuntu4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking apache2 (2.4.18-2ubuntu4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package ssl-cert.
Preparing to unpack .../9-ssl-cert_1.0.38_all.deb ...
Unpacking ssl-cert (1.0.38) ...
Setting up libapr1:amd64 (1.5.2-4) ...
Processing triggers for ufw (0.35-2) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Setting up apache2-data (2.4.18-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up ssl-cert (1.0.38) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.24-3ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libaprutil1:amd64 (1.5.4-2) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (231-9git1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up liblua5.1-0:amd64 (5.1.5-8.1build1) ...
Setting up libaprutil1-ldap:amd64 (1.5.4-2) ...
Setting up libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3:amd64 (1.5.4-2) ...
Setting up apache2-utils (2.4.18-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up apache2-bin (2.4.18-2ubuntu4) ...
Setting up apache2 (2.4.18-2ubuntu4) ...
Enabling module mpm_event.
Enabling module authz_core.
Enabling module authz_host.
Enabling module authn_core.
Enabling module auth_basic.
Enabling module access_compat.
Enabling module authn_file.
Enabling module authz_user.
Enabling module alias.
Enabling module dir.
Enabling module autoindex.
Enabling module env.
Enabling module mime.
Enabling module negotiation.
Enabling module setenvif.
Enabling module filter.
Enabling module deflate.
Enabling module status.
Enabling conf charset.
Enabling conf localized-error-pages.
Enabling conf other-vhosts-access-log.
Enabling conf security.
Enabling conf serve-cgi-bin.
Enabling site 000-default.
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.24-3ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (231-9git1) ...
Processing triggers for ufw (0.35-2) ...
root@ubuntu-new:~#

Once package is installed, port is open and in LISTEN state...

root@ubuntu-new:~# netstat -a | more
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:hostmon 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 64 ubuntu-new:ssh 10.0.0.43:52040 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 [::]:hostmon [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
udp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootpc 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:hostmon 0.0.0.0:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:hostmon [::]:*
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 18460 /run/user/1000/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 11655 /run/udev/control
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18461 /run/user/1000/systemd/private
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 11648 /run/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14344 /run/snapd.socket
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 11649 /run/systemd/cgroups-agent
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14345 /run/snapd-snap.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11650 /run/systemd/private

OUTPUT TRUNCATED...

root@ubuntu-new:~#
root@ubuntu-new:~# service --status-all | grep apache
[ + ] apache-htcacheclean
[ + ] apache2
root@ubuntu-new:~#

Open browser and type the IP at URL...

Now let us try stopping apache service and check again...

root@ubuntu-new:~# /etc/init.d/apache2 stop
[ ok ] Stopping apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
root@ubuntu-new:~#

root@ubuntu-new:~# netstat -a | more
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:hostmon 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 64 ubuntu-new:ssh 10.0.0.43:52040 ESTABLISHED

****** If you observe closely there is no Http port *******

tcp6 0 0 [::]:hostmon [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
udp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootpc 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:hostmon 0.0.0.0:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:hostmon [::]:*
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 18460 /run/user/1000/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 11655 /run/udev/control
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18461 /run/user/1000/systemd/private
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 11648 /run/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14344 /run/snapd.socket
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 11649 /run/systemd/cgroups-agent
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14345 /run/snapd-snap.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11650 /run/systemd/private
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14357 /run/uuidd/request
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 14360 /run/acpid.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11656 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 8 [ ] DGRAM 11657 /run/systemd/journal/socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11660 /run/systemd/fsck.progress
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 11824 /run/systemd/journal/syslog
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11865 /run/lvm/lvmpolld.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11937 /run/lvm/lvmetad.socket
unix 14 [ ] DGRAM 11940 /run/systemd/journal/dev-log
root@ubuntu-new:~#

Let us try from the browser this time...

Let us start the service again and continue with the configuration thing....

root@ubuntu-new:~# /etc/init.d/apache2 start
[ ok ] Starting apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
root@ubuntu-new:~#

root@ubuntu-new:~#
root@ubuntu-new:~# cd /var/www/
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www#
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www#
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www# ls
html
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www#
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www# cd html/
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html# ls
index.html
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html#

In this location, we have the index file where we can edit few things and check the changes in title page working...

root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html#
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html# cat index.html | grep -i works
<title>Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page: It works</title>
It works!
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html#
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html# vi index.html
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html#
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html# cat index.html | grep -i working
My Ubuntu Server ready installed with APACHE: Page Loaded, Its Working..
this site is working properly. You should <b>replace this file</b> (located at
root@ubuntu-new:/var/www/html#

I edited few lines from the main index file, now when I open it in browser...

We can try designing a home page or any other pages using html, even try installing php...

#####################################################################################

Friday, 21 October 2016

LVM (Logical Volume Manager) !!!

I thought of uploading posts related to Linux since many days, all these days I have posted things related to Solaris itself, so I wanted to start Linux... So the basic thing in the Linux OS is the LVM.

ubu@ubuntu:~$ su -
Password:
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~# df -kh
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 982M 0 982M 0% /dev
tmpfs 201M 3.3M 197M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root 5.4G 1.3G 3.8G 26% /
tmpfs 1001M 0 1001M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 1001M 0 1001M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 472M 55M 393M 13% /boot
tmpfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/lxcfs/controllers
cgmfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs 201M 0 201M 0% /run/user/1000
root@ubuntu:~#

For Linux machines meta devices like in Solaris we have Physical Volumes (PVs). Below is the command and output to display PV.

root@ubuntu:~# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda5
VG Name ubuntu-vg
PV Size 7.52 GiB / not usable 2.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1925
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 1925
PV UUID KBhVnP-30fy-u8QV-IXHK-1zLE-98kR-1Ducfa
root@ubuntu:~#

As you see I already have a PV under which a VG (Volume Group) created, this is because my root disk is under LVM. So upon a PV we will create VG...

root@ubuntu:~# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 7.52 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1925
Alloc PE / Size 1925 / 7.52 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID 9ZjLhk-IoTQ-Qfli-j9XS-PjgW-7FDv-3SaqTa

root@ubuntu:~#

Above "ubuntu-vg" is VG for my root and swap. Now LVs (Logical Volumes) comes to the scene. So you can see my lvs for root and swap below.

root@ubuntu:~# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/root
LV Name root
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID stDQ9W-X34I-4eFk-7rDq-SLRL-0kpv-hLki1z
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-04 19:35:42 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 5.52 GiB
Current LE 1413
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:0

--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/swap_1
LV Name swap_1
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID 3K30n5-M7ew-Znww-km5q-IRQr-dqfz-E9Dtzr
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-04 19:35:42 -0400
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:1

root@ubuntu:~#

Like "format" command in Solaris, we have command "fdisk -l" to display the disks... I compare all the time because it is easy to understand somethings when we already know few similar things...

root@ubuntu:~# fdisk -l | more
Disk /dev/ram0: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram1: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram2: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram3: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram4: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram5: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram6: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram7: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram8: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram9: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram10: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram11: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram12: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram13: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram14: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/ram15: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/sda: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa51c9f65

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 999423 997376 487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1001470 16775167 15773698 7.5G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1001472 16775167 15773696 7.5G 8e Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root: 5.5 GiB, 5926551552 bytes, 11575296 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1: 2 GiB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
root@ubuntu:~#

Now I will add few disks for our learning purpose...(It is so easy in Oracle Virtual box or VMware Workstation).

Again logging in,

ubu@ubuntu:~$
ubu@ubuntu:~$ su -
Password:
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~# df -kh
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 982M 0 982M 0% /dev
tmpfs 201M 3.3M 197M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root 5.4G 1.3G 3.8G 26% /
tmpfs 1001M 0 1001M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 1001M 0 1001M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 472M 55M 393M 13% /boot
cgmfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/lxcfs/controllers
tmpfs 201M 0 201M 0% /run/user/1000
root@ubuntu:~#

This time let us see output which we require,

root@ubuntu:~# fdisk -l | grep /dev/sd
Disk /dev/sda: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
/dev/sda1 * 2048 999423 997376 487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1001470 16775167 15773698 7.5G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1001472 16775167 15773696 7.5G 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 100 MiB, 104857600 bytes, 204800 sectors
Disk /dev/sdc: 100 MiB, 104857600 bytes, 204800 sectors
Disk /dev/sdd: 100 MiB, 104857600 bytes, 204800 sectors
root@ubuntu:~#

root@ubuntu:~# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda5
VG Name ubuntu-vg
PV Size 7.52 GiB / not usable 2.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1925
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 1925
PV UUID KBhVnP-30fy-u8QV-IXHK-1zLE-98kR-1Ducfa

root@ubuntu:~#

Let us create PVs from disks we added,

root@ubuntu:~# pvcreate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully created
root@ubuntu:~#

root@ubuntu:~# pvdisplay /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
"/dev/sdd" is a new physical volume of "100.00 MiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdd
VG Name
PV Size 100.00 MiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID TFtlnW-ZiPx-GrQc-ws9d-md37-i8ij-QeB9gG

"/dev/sdb" is a new physical volume of "100.00 MiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdb
VG Name
PV Size 100.00 MiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID j7O15i-NSPS-ppJO-0263-x1hP-P222-veof5g

"/dev/sdc" is a new physical volume of "100.00 MiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdc
VG Name
PV Size 100.00 MiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID tNCHDy-8bdJ-JFS6-Zfhe-TFLK-YQgz-iDL9Lt

root@ubuntu:~#

Its time to create VG on our PV...

root@ubuntu:~# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 7.52 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1925
Alloc PE / Size 1925 / 7.52 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID 9ZjLhk-IoTQ-Qfli-j9XS-PjgW-7FDv-3SaqTa

root@ubuntu:~#

root@ubuntu:~# vgcreate vol1 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
Volume group "vol1" successfully created
root@ubuntu:~#

root@ubuntu:~# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 7.52 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1925
Alloc PE / Size 1925 / 7.52 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID 9ZjLhk-IoTQ-Qfli-j9XS-PjgW-7FDv-3SaqTa

--- Volume group ---
VG Name vol1
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 288.00 MiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 72
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 72 / 288.00 MiB
VG UUID Kpd01H-UQqs-n1f9-VVA3-6buC-f1EO-pTK7v1

root@ubuntu:~#

Then its time for LV....

root@ubuntu:~# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/root
LV Name root
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID stDQ9W-X34I-4eFk-7rDq-SLRL-0kpv-hLki1z
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-04 19:35:42 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 5.52 GiB
Current LE 1413
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:0

--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/swap_1
LV Name swap_1
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID 3K30n5-M7ew-Znww-km5q-IRQr-dqfz-E9Dtzr
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-04 19:35:42 -0400
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:1

root@ubuntu:~#

Mine is latest ubuntu server, so the default Filesystem will be ext4...

root@ubuntu:~# lvcreate -L 50M vol1 -n mydata1
Rounding up size to full physical extent 52.00 MiB
WARNING: ext4 signature detected on /dev/vol1/mydata1 at offset 1080. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
Wiping ext4 signature on /dev/vol1/mydata1.
Logical volume "mydata1" created.
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/root
LV Name root
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID stDQ9W-X34I-4eFk-7rDq-SLRL-0kpv-hLki1z
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-04 19:35:42 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 5.52 GiB
Current LE 1413
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:0

--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/swap_1
LV Name swap_1
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID 3K30n5-M7ew-Znww-km5q-IRQr-dqfz-E9Dtzr
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-04 19:35:42 -0400
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:1

--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vol1/mydata1
LV Name mydata1
VG Name vol1
LV UUID rggxbf-Tenn-kEZA-FdkQ-aRUb-umHP-o0wLoL
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-06 18:13:53 -0400
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 52.00 MiB
Current LE 13
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:2

root@ubuntu:~#

One more volume,

root@ubuntu:~# lvcreate -L 150M vol1 -n mydata2
Rounding up size to full physical extent 152.00 MiB
WARNING: ext4 signature detected on /dev/vol1/mydata2 at offset 1080. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
Wiping ext4 signature on /dev/vol1/mydata2.
Logical volume "mydata2" created.
root@ubuntu:~#

root@ubuntu:~# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/root
LV Name root
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID stDQ9W-X34I-4eFk-7rDq-SLRL-0kpv-hLki1z
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-04 19:35:42 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 5.52 GiB
Current LE 1413
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:0

--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/swap_1
LV Name swap_1
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID 3K30n5-M7ew-Znww-km5q-IRQr-dqfz-E9Dtzr
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-04 19:35:42 -0400
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:1

--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vol1/mydata1
LV Name mydata1
VG Name vol1
LV UUID rggxbf-Tenn-kEZA-FdkQ-aRUb-umHP-o0wLoL
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-06 18:13:53 -0400
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 52.00 MiB
Current LE 13
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:2

--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vol1/mydata2
LV Name mydata2
VG Name vol1
LV UUID jjFSn5-TE2X-13fq-j9we-QCwf-7ZJk-9H6FOl
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu, 2016-10-06 18:14:10 -0400
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 152.00 MiB
Current LE 38
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:3
root@ubuntu:~#

Once done with the LV creation we should make FS on our volume...

root@ubuntu:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vol1/mydata1
mke2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Creating filesystem with 53248 1k blocks and 13328 inodes
Filesystem UUID: e49e7c09-88fa-44c1-b988-2cef549dd049
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

root@ubuntu:~#

FS creation for our second volume...

root@ubuntu:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vol1/mydata2
mke2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Creating filesystem with 155648 1k blocks and 38912 inodes
Filesystem UUID: c5bdb3ce-eb8a-4e31-89df-33dc802548d6
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
root@ubuntu:~#

root@ubuntu:~# mkdir -p /data1
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~# mkdir -p /data2
root@ubuntu:~#

Now I will mount the FS...

root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/vol1/mydata1 /data1
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/vol1/mydata2 /data2
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~# df -kh
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 982M 0 982M 0% /dev
tmpfs 201M 3.3M 197M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root 5.4G 1.3G 3.8G 26% /
tmpfs 1001M 0 1001M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 1001M 0 1001M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 472M 55M 393M 13% /boot
cgmfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/lxcfs/controllers
tmpfs 201M 0 201M 0% /run/user/1000
/dev/mapper/vol1-mydata1 47M 842K 42M 2% /data1
/dev/mapper/vol1-mydata2 144M 1.6M 132M 2% /data2
root@ubuntu:~#

To make it permanent mount, to mount at boot time just add the entries in the /etc/fstab file...

root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=8d74a25e-fef8-45d4-ab90-1cb14910d7f0 /boot ext2 defaults 0 2
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1 none swap sw 0 0
root@ubuntu:~#

root@ubuntu:~# vi /etc/fstab
root@ubuntu:~#

root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=8d74a25e-fef8-45d4-ab90-1cb14910d7f0 /boot ext2 defaults 0 2
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/vol1/mydata1 /data1 ext4 rw 0 1
/dev/vol1/mydata2 /data2 ext4 rw 0 1
root@ubuntu:~#

After rebooting...

login as: ubu@10.0.0.143's password:
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-31-generic x86_64)

* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage

79 packages can be updated.
41 updates are security updates.

Last login: Thu Oct 6 18:44:28 2016
ubu@ubuntu:~$
ubu@ubuntu:~$ df -kh
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 982M 0 982M 0% /dev
tmpfs 201M 3.4M 197M 2% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root 5.4G 1.3G 3.8G 26% /
tmpfs 1001M 0 1001M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 1001M 0 1001M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 472M 55M 393M 13% /boot
/dev/mapper/vol1-mydata2 144M 1.6M 132M 2% /data2
/dev/mapper/vol1-mydata1 47M 842K 42M 2% /data1
cgmfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs 201M 0 201M 0% /run/user/0
tmpfs 201M 0 201M 0% /run/user/1000
ubu@ubuntu:~$

That's it for the volume and filesystem creation under LVM...

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